我国典型茶区化学氮肥施用与生产运输过程的温室气体排放量估算

基于相关统计数据和文献调研方法,估算了我国14个典型茶区中化学氮肥施用、生产及运输过程中的温室气体排放量。结果表明,化学氮肥施用导致的土壤N₂O直接排放和生产过程中的温室气体排放是茶园化学氮肥消费带来的温室气体主要排放源;14个典型茶区消费的化学氮肥产生的温室气体排放量(以CO₂排放当量计算)为16.81~344.80万t·a^-1,其中贵州、云南、湖北和四川4省的茶园消费的化学氮肥带来的温室气体排放量较高,均超过200万t·a^-1,占全部区域温室气体排放量的59.98%;单位面积温室气体排放量为3.22~9.76 t·hm^-2·a^-1,单位产量温室气体排放量为2.10~12.96 t·t^-1·a^-1、单位产值温室气体排放量0.39~1.90 t·万元^-1·a^-1;总体而言,贵州、云南、湖北、湖南和四川5省的茶园消费的化学氮肥带来的温室气体排放量、单位面积温室气体排放量、单位产量温室气体排放量和单位产值温室气体排放量较高,福建、河南省及重庆市3个茶区相对较低。在茶园化学氮肥施用量控制为300 kg·hm^-2和450 kg·hm^-2两种情景下,茶园生态系统温室气体减排总量为617.07万t·a^-1和228.94万t·a^-1,减排潜力为34.12%和12.66%,减排潜力较大的区域主要有湖北、四川、贵州、湖南和江西等5省。     

豫南茶树种质资源籽实脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成分析

以豫南地区42份茶树种质资源的茶籽为研究对象,分析了茶籽含仁率及茶籽仁的脂肪含量,范围分别在33.53%~71.60%、17.77%~38.39%。利用气-质联用技术（GC-MS）检测了茶籽仁中的脂肪酸组成和含量,共检测到21种脂肪酸,其中主要成分棕榈酸、硬脂酸、顺-油酸、亚油酸和α-亚麻酸的含量分别在2.64%~5.70%、0.21%~1.11%、7.33%~17.29%、0.09%~8.44%和0.01%~0.15%;相关性分析显示,顺-油酸与十三碳酸、十四碳酸和顺-二十碳二烯酸的含量呈极显著负相关,亚油酸与反-油酸、顺-二十二碳六烯酸含量呈极显著负相关;除了水仙7202茶籽仁中的饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量比值为3.08∶12.16∶1,其余茶树种质资源茶籽仁中,这三类脂肪酸的比值均约为1∶2.69∶1.37。中黄1号、农抗早、迎霜、鄂茶11号、龙井43、中选8号、崂山3号和黄金叶8个茶树品种,不仅含仁率和脂肪含量较高,而且茶籽仁脂肪酸的组分和含量丰富、均衡,可初步筛选出来作为豫南地区叶籽两用茶园的候选品种。     

美国马铃薯种薯生产及认证

美国是世界上马铃薯生产最先进的国家之一。在对美国种薯生产进行实地考察和查阅相关文献的基础上,介绍了美国马铃薯种薯生产概况、种薯质量检测、种薯认证方式和认证程序等,并对种薯分级、田间检测、收获后检测标准和检测参数、病害允许率等进行了详细阐述。美国的种薯生产和认证的经验,可为中国发展马铃薯种薯生产与认证提供借鉴与参考。     

色氨酰-tRNA合成酶基因WRS1调控水稻种子发育

【目的】氨酰-tRNA合成酶（aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, aaRSs）与遗传信息传递密切相关,已发现植物中aaRSs家族蛋白在维持翻译功能之余,还参与配子发生与胚发育、质体的早期发育以及免疫信号的感知与病害防御等生物学过程。本研究利用水稻胚乳发育缺陷突变体,分析水稻色氨酰-tRNA合成酶（WRS1）在胚乳发育中的作用,证明WRS1基因编码一个影响水稻胚乳发育的关键因子。【方法】本研究通过甲烷磺酸乙酯（ethyl methane sulfonate, EMS）诱变籼稻（Oryza sativa subsp. indica）品种N22,筛选到一个稳定遗传的水稻粉质胚乳突变体（wrs1）,图位克隆获得目标基因。对wrs1成熟种子进行形态学观察以及淀粉相关理化性质测定,利用细胞学切片分析wrs1发育中胚乳的结构,利用实时荧光定量PCR（quantitative real-time PCR, qRT-PCR）和GUS活性染色分析基因表达模式,通过qRT-PCR比较野生型与突变体花后12 d胚乳中淀粉合成相关基因表达情况,免疫印迹检测野生型与突变体成熟种子中淀粉合成酶蛋白积累情况,使用全自动氨基酸分析仪测定游离氨基酸含量。【结果】 wrs1突变体幼苗表现出明显的发育滞后且逐渐蔫萎死亡,从杂合突变体（WRS1wrs1）中分离到的粉质籽粒呈现明显的腹部皱缩,粒厚、千粒重下降,同时总淀粉含量下降,糊化淀粉的峰值黏度和崩解值均低于野生型。wrs1突变体发育胚乳中复合淀粉颗粒变小,排列疏松。WRS1定位于第12染色体长臂约183 kb的区间内,测序发现编码色氨酰-tRNA合成酶（tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, WRS）基因的第6外显子上发生单碱基替换,导致一个保守位置上的甲硫氨酸被替换。wrs1突变体中大部分淀粉合成相关基因表达量下调,且野生型与突变体间基因表达的变化与相应蛋白积累的差异存在不一致的趋势。wrs1突变体籽粒中蛋白质积累降低,而游离氨基酸含量显著升高。【结论】 WRS1编码色氨酰-tRNA合成酶,该基因突变后通过影响氨基酸稳态和蛋白质合成,造成淀粉合成相关基因异常表达从而影响淀粉的合成与积累,导致种子发育缺陷。     

利用秋水仙素喷淋加倍不同遗传基础的单倍体子粒探讨

以不同血缘及不同世代的遗传育种材料为母本、高频孤雌生殖诱导系辽诱1和CAU5等为父本杂交诱导产生的单倍体子粒为实验材料,研究秋水仙素浓度为0.625 mg/mL的条件下,用喷淋加倍设备对试验材料进行8 h喷淋的加倍效果。结果表明,喷淋秋水仙素后,郑单958的S2代的材料加倍率最高,为33.75%;第2位的是L3258×H71,是NSS种质S0代材料,其加倍率为13.02%;第3位的是D299/PH4CV,为NSS种质S1代材料,加倍率为10.34%。研究表明,喷淋秋水仙素的加倍效果与遗传背景关系紧密,喷淋秋水仙素加倍率总体由高到低的顺序为郑单958NSS种质(SS+NSS)种质SS种质欧洲杂交种,喷淋秋水仙素对全部试验材料的加倍率都有提高作用,比自然加倍提高0.83～5.08倍。利用该喷淋设备加倍单倍体子粒,具有节约用药量、操作简便、便于大规模生产应用、减少人员对秋水仙素的接触、废液回收方便、有利于保护环境等优点。     

玉米脱粒破碎率关键影响因子及其最优预测模型研究

子粒破碎率高是当前中国玉米机械收获子粒的重要限制因素,解析破碎率变化原因,建立其简便预测模型是需要解决的重要问题。本文采集7个玉米品种在3个种植密度下组合的果穗,在不同子粒含水率梯度条件下开展单穗脱粒试验。种植密度在6万～9万株/hm2范围内对子粒破碎率没有影响,品种、子粒的含水率、抗侧压碎力和穿刺强度等的影响均达到统计显著水平。品种对破碎率变化的偏贡献率为12.7%,且品种的偏贡献率子粒含水率的偏贡献率抗侧压碎力的偏贡献率穿刺强度的偏贡献率,种植密度的偏贡献率接近于零。破碎率的最优预测因子是穿刺强度,预测模型:破碎率=10.25×0.990穿刺强度,满足破碎率不高于5%约束的穿刺强度值不得低于60 MPa。研究结果可为玉米破碎率预测、宜机收玉米新品种培育与鉴定、脱粒机具设计与制造提供数据支撑和技术参考。     

不同春玉米品种茎秆显微结构对抗折强度的响应

以冀西北寒旱区9个春玉米品种为研究对象,通过测定玉米基部第3节抗折强度,利用光学显微镜观察其茎节显微结构,对维管束各项显微指标与节折强度进行相关分析,研究春玉米节折强度与茎秆显微结构之间的关系。结果表明,不同春玉米品种间节折强度达显著水平。对各品种维管束显微指标进行统计分析表明,维管束鞘厚度和表皮细胞厚度变异系数最大,分别达到34.8%和23.2%;茎节维管束数目增多不利于节折强度的提高(r=-0.945**,r=-0.927**),维管束平均面积、韧皮部面积增大有利于节折强度的增加(r=0.831*,r=0.799*;r=0.733*,r=0.786*)。通径分析表明,维管束数目对节折强度的直接效应最大,表皮细胞厚度次之,维管束最大面积、维管束鞘厚度、韧皮部面积等指标也通过维管束数目对茎折强度起间接作用。参试品种中,京农科728、纪元108维管束数目较少,维管束平均面积、韧皮部面积较大,茎折强度较高,抗倒伏性优于其他品种。     

NRF2 attenuates oxidative stress and lysosomal dysfunction in doxorubicin-induced H9C2 cells

AIM:To study the effect of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) on oxidative stress injury and lysosomal dysfunction in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced rat myocardial H9C2 cells. METHODS:The H9C2 cells were treated with DOX. The expression of NRF2 at mRNA and protein levels was determined by real-time PCR and Western blot. The H9C2 cells stably over-expressing NRF2 were established by lentiviral infection. Real-time PCR and Western blot were used to identify the efficiency of over-expression. After DOX treatment, the cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT), and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the cell supernatant were detected. FITC-dextran was used to analyze lysosomal pH, and the protein expression of lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) and cathepsin B was determined by Western blot.RESULTS:The expression of NRF2 at mRNA and protein levels in DOX-treated H9C2 cells was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Over-expression of NRF2 significantly up-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of NRF2 in DOX-treated H9C2 cells (P<0.05). After DOX treatment, the cell viability was decreased, and LDH activity was increased. The activity of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT was decreased, and the content of MDA was increased (P<0.05). The lysosomal pH was increased, and the protein expression of LAMP1 and cathepsin B decreased (P<0.05). Over-expression of NRF2 increased the cell viability, decreased LDH activity, increased the activity of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT, and decreased the content of MDA in cell supernatant (P<0.05). Over-expression of NRF2 also decreased the lysosomal pH, and increased the protein expression of LAMP1 and cathepsin B (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:DOX inhibits the expression of NRF2 in the myocardial H9C2 cells. Over-expression of NRF2 attenuates oxidative stress and lysosomal dysfunction in the H9C2 cells induced by DOX.     

Effects of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension on expression of Hippo signaling pathway-related molecules in rat lung

AIM:To investigate the expression of Hippo signaling pathway-related molecules in the lung tissues of the rats with pulmonary hypertension induced by monocrotaline for exploring the significance of Hippo signaling pathway in the development of pulmonary hypertension. METHODS:SD rats (n=45) were randomly divided into control group (n=15) and model group (n=30). The rats in model group was given neck subcutaneous injection of monocrota-line at 60 mg/kg to establish pulmonary hypertension model, and the rats in control group was injected with the same volume of normal saline. Four weeks later, right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) was measured by right cardiac catheterization, and right ventricular hypertrophy index (RVHI) and right ventricular mass index (RVMI) were calculated. The remodeling of the pulmonary arterioles was observed by HE staining, and medial thickness/external diameter (M/E%) was evaluated. The fibrosis of lung tissues was detected by Masson staining. The protein expression of Yes-associated protein (YAP), tafazzin (TAZ) and TEAD was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the protein and mRNA levels of YAP, TAZ and TEAD in lung tissues were determined by Western blot and RT-qPCR. RESULTS:Compared with control group, the vascular wall in model group was thickened significantly, the M/E% was increased (P<0.01), the pulmonary fibrosis was obvious, and the RVSP and RVHI in model group were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.01). The immunohistochemical staining showed that the protein expression of YAP, TAZ and TEAD in the pulmonary arterioles in model group was significantly higher than that in control group. The YAP, TAZ and TEAD protein and mRNA levels in the lung tissues were also higher than those in control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:The activation of Hippo signaling molecules may promote the remodeling of pulmonary arterioles and further regulate the development of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension.